What are the Main Influences of Intelligence - 754 Words

The 20th and 21rst centuries have seen incredible and important developments within the framework of scientific understanding of Humanity. The exponential growth of specific scientific and biological knowledge over time has called for the creation of multiple fields of specialization regarding human architecture. Human beings are essentially composed of strains of nucleic acid that determines a person’s individual traits. Does this mean that one’s existence is only defined by one’s gene? Is biodiversity in humanity solely based on different genotypes and phenotypic variations, therefore giving no credit to non-genetic factors in proving successful human development? In fact, human intelligence is not solely influenced by heredity. Non-genetic factors, for example the environment, encompass not only the physical, chemical and biological principles of intelligence, but also the numerous social and psychological ones that shape healthy development. This essay will i nvestigate whether or not intelligence is fostered exclusively by genetic heritage or if nurturing and environmental factors play a role. Human intelligence is an enigma that continues to intrigue scientists around the world as it has done throughout the History of humanity. Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for centuries. Since 3005 B.C., philosophers like Plato and Aristotle expressed different views on the issue. Plato favoured the belief that knowledge andShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Human Intelligence1786 Words   |  7 PagesFactors affecting the human intelligence Factors affecting the human intelligence Nature and nurture play a significant role in determining the life of people with regard to their intelligence level. Intelligence is the unique way in which a person can be able to come into an understanding of problems mentally, respond to them and replicate the surrounding he exists. Human intelligence is determined by two main factors which have caused great debate for years. These two factors are the environmentalRead MoreIntelligence : Effects Of Genetics, Environment, And Outside Influences1428 Words   |  6 PagesDryer Teacher Vonda Ford English 6 5 February 2015 Intelligence: Effects of Genetics, Environment, and Outside Influences Many people often wonder what makes them who they are--what creates their identity. Part of a person’s identity is his or her ability to succeed in school, comprehend complex concepts, and invent creative ideas. This is intelligence--a complicated trait that involves and is affected by many different factors. A person’s intelligence is his or her general cognitive ability, includingRead More The IQ Debate Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesIntelligence can be defined in many different ways. This concept has been the focus of numerous studies and investigations by psychologists and other scientific experts. Intelligence can be the mental ability to reason, plan ahead, understand a wide range of complex issues and learn from past experiences (Gottfredson, 1997). Intelligence is the â€Å"resultant of the process of acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving, combining, comparing, and using in new contexts information and conceptual skills†Read MoreLimitless Movie662 Words   |  3 Pages1. The main characters progress or change throughout the film: Eddie Morra lives in New York, and is an author suffering from writers block. He is stressed by the approaching deadline for his book, and his girlfriend Lindy also stresses him, because of the frustrations gained by his lack of progress and financial dependence. Eddie randomly runs into his ex girlfriend’s brother, who is a successful man with a nice suit and obviously a lot of money. He introduces Eddie to this â€Å"legal† drug NZTRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1107 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to manage one’s emotions in an intelligent manner such that they do not affect the decision-making process. It is also the ability to understand other people emotions, to know the reason for their behaviors and thus be able to communicate with them (Mayer, 2006). Emotional intelligence involves one’s proficiency in realizing and then being able to behaviors, moods and impulses and thus managingRead MoreFlawed Intelligence Is Not Easily Measured967 Words   |  4 PagesTorres Instructor Camielyn West MCWP 40 08 February 2016 Flawed Intelligence Intelligence is not easily measured; there are many factors that influence the way we determine whether or not someone is considered â€Å"intelligent†, and many more to rank who is more intelligent than others. James R. Flynn, in his piece â€Å"The Sociological Imagination, and Kevin Warwick, in his work â€Å"Into the Unknown, both share a common argument: intelligence is subjective; therefore, social and environmental context shouldRead MoreEmotional, Emotional And Emotional Intelligence1208 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence Explained Emotional Intelligence is the capacity to assess, identify and influence the emotions of your own and everyone around you. For an example, a employee could be having difficulty understanding the task at hand instead the manager goes to the employee and identifies the misunderstanding and instead of letting the situation make everyone stress the manager instead reiterated what needs to be done in a simpler way so everyone is clearly aware and understands what to do.Read MoreIntelligence : Intelligence Data Collection Programs1632 Words   |  7 PagesIntelligence Data Collection Programs To effectively analyze programs, intentions and ideological motives of Hezbollah several collection programs of the five types could be utilized to gather intelligence on Hezbollah. Collected information must undergo further conversion before it reaches the analysis phase to be used against Hezbollah (Gay, 2005) First, Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) could be used to gather intelligence information from open sources such as websites, social media sources,Read MoreThe Power Of The Human Brain1278 Words   |  6 Pagescreate results, aspiration, and knowledge. As Swami Vivekananda said, â€Å"We are responsible for what we are and whatever we wish ourselves to be, we have the power to make ourselves.† The power of the human brain is what one wants it to be. Society expects a great deal from individuals, but this is only a motivator. The influence of society and personal experiences both cause people to gain further intelligence from power of one’s brain. Individuals must utilize the power of their own brain to furtherRead MoreEssay on personality766 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ How would Freud explain the personality differences between Mike and Marty Scanlon? According to Freud, the mind can be divided into two main parts: The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this ordinary memory the preconscious

Leaders of the Harlem Renaissance

Characteristics Of Gilgamesh - 1021 Words

A hero can be anyone. A hero does not have to be a super hero that is on TV or in the movies. A hero can be anyone who is admired for his or her courage and outstanding achievements. A hero can be a parent, a family member, a friend, or even a doctor. A hero is a person who comes into another persons life to help and encourage the other person. The hero can have a significant effect on any person. They could have helped a person when he or she was having a hard time or they saved them from an accident. A hero is a being who is recognized and idolized for his or her traits, achievements, and values. A hero is the character who chooses to do good rather than evil, often sacrificing of himself to help others. Heroes can be any form and type†¦show more content†¦Beowulf is another example of heroism. Some people believe Beowulf is the definition of a hero. He shows his strength and wisdom to his people has he fights battles. Beowulf has physical strength and bravery, which shows everyone what a ample warrior he is. Beowulf shows his courage by willing to die for the life of other people. Beowulf rids the Kingdom of every demon, dragon, and anyone that is harming his people. As Beowulf battles become stronger and harder to defeat, he becomes stronger. He proves his nobility and courage through every battle he wins. No matter how sever the battles get, Beowulf always puts himself before his people. Beowulf never backs down or turns his back on his people. Beowulf even dies for his people after he won a battle by defeating a dragon. Even though Beowulf was a King, he volunteered to fight. He did not fight just because he was a King; he fought to protect the people. Beowulf did not always fight alone, but he was always the last one standing. Beowulf loved his people and wanted to protect them as much as he could. When Beowulf fights Grendel, they do it hand an hand instead of using weapons. Beowulf did so because he knew that Grendel does not use weapons. Beow ulf shows his respect to everyone, not just his people. Beowulf showed his respect to the enemies and to monstrous foes. Beowulf was probably theShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of Gilgamesh712 Words   |  3 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh narrates the life of Gilgamesh which demonstrates a clear idea of who he was and how his character evolved throughout his journey, depending on who he met. Gilgamesh was known as the King of the city of Uruk who was not very well liked by many people. Despite there have been many versions of Gilgamesh that has been passed down for years, Gilgamesh was always portrayed as a strong and mighty ruler who had and got what he wanted, undeterred by how his people felt. Like most modernRead More Characteristics of Gilgamesh and Enkidu in Fosters The Epic of Gilgamesh835 Words   |  4 Pagesones. In the book, The Epic of Gilgamesh, by Benjamin Foster, both Gilgamesh and Enkidu had positive and negative characteristics that affected the outcome of their jou rney and their adventures they experienced throughout their lives. Gilgamesh was considered a hero because he had many great qualities, such as loyalty, perseverance, and heroism. Although these are heroic traits, he also had his flaws and was self-righteous, selfish, and prideful. Gilgamesh was a great man and was seen asRead MoreThe Characteristics Of A Hero Journey In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1035 Words   |  5 Pageshero story is present in a variety of the arts ranging from the earliest surviving work of literature, to children’s books, to modern day motion picture masterpieces. The characteristics of a hero have withstood the test of time, and remained remarkably similar. Traits of a modern day hero can be traced back to â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† which dates back to two-thousand BC. This reflects the power of a hero and its message that it portrays to audiences of all ages and backgrounds. The ability to captureRead More The Epic of Gilgamesh is Truely an Epic Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is Truel y an Epic An epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.  Ã‚   The main characteristics of an epic as a literary genre is that it is a long poem that tells a story, it contains an epic hero, its hero searches for immortality (but doesnt find it physically, only through fame), gods or other supernatural beings are interested and involved, and it delivers an historical message.  Read MoreGilgamesh704 Words   |  3 Pagessupernatural enemies, quests, war, or adversity. The Epic of Gilgamesh depicts most of these characteristics of epic heroism. The description about his birth to the journey and adventures in his life meets the characteristics of an epic hero. Although, at some points, Gilgamesh engages in acts of selfishness and arrogance, I believe he achieves the characteristics of an epic hero and portrays those characteristics throughout the epic. Gilgamesh is described as a son of a mortal man and a goddess, whichRead MoreBeowulf And The Epic Of Gilgamesh1667 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, a hero is viewed as someone who embodies the characteristics of selflessness, courage, honesty, and integrity. The same characteristics were essential to be thought of as a hero 3,000 years ago as well. Two of the most widely known epic poems of their time were Beowulf and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Both Beowulf and Gilgamesh embody traits known exclusively of a hero. The poem of Beowulf and The Epic Gilgamesh both showcase the characteristics required of being an epic, in that they include a heroRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 975 Words   |  4 Pagesof Gilgamesh, a book written millenniums ago, is the story of a two-thirds god and one third man named Gilgamesh who is devoted to the self-improvement of full god. Even though Gilgamesh knows immortality is impossible he continues to seek the self- improvement eternal life because t he god within him conflicts with his humanity. Since Gilgamesh has two-thirds god in him, he gets everything he desires except immortality. Due to the fact that it was the one thing he couldn t have, Gilgamesh setsRead MoreThe Role of Enkidu Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesHerbert Mason’s interpretation of an extract of the Epic of Gilgamesh lacks a large amount of text and the legendary hero so common in later epics such as Odyssey and Beowulf. Because the later epics are considered to be based on the Epic of Gilgamesh it is important to consider why, in Mason’s translation, is there a lack of an impressive amount of text and of a legendary hero. While it is effortless to attribute the missing characteristics of the story to the translation, the events of the story suggestRead MoreEssay on Epic of Gilgamesh971 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Gilgamesh Type: Epic Author: Anonymous Theme: The central idea of Gilgamesh was the greed that he had to receive eternal life. Gilgamesh was a selfish person who was half god and half man and wanted to keep his youth after seeing Enkidu die. Gilgamesh knew his destiny was not to receive eternal life because he was half man. He decided to go against the odds to fight against not having eternal life searching for the secret despite what the Gods told him. Exposition: The storyRead MoreEpic Passages of The Epic of Gilgamesh and Homers Odyssey921 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of a hero has evolved over time through both written word and human experiences, so what is a hero? In the two epic passages The Epic of Gilgamesh and Homers Odyssey, heroism appears to be a clear distinction with the literature, and has the same basic framework as today’s definition of a hero. Historically, in the texts, heroes such as Gilgamesh and Odysseus are protagonists viewed and credited with great bravery and most certainly heroism. Nearly all of the heroic figures throughout time

Personal Statement Taking a Gap Year Essay Example For Students

Personal Statement Taking a Gap Year Essay I am not someone who knew what I wanted to do right from the beginning. I had always envisioned myself as a doctor; a future in medicine. However, I have learned that this is not where my true passion lies. I have always thoroughly enjoyed math and physics, and these have always been my favorites, and the ones in which I excel. Until my senior year, in which I took calculus, I was involved in an IMP math course, where everything was based on problem solving involving multiple variables and word problems. I constantly looked forward to these classes, and I relished the fact that we didn’t just solve straight forward questions, but had to solve complicated problems where the process to obtain a solution involved many different steps and variables and was never straightforward. In my junior year of high school, my math teacher invited me and a ten other top students where we met and heard from four women engineers. This is when my interest in engineering was sparked. They talked about the things they helped create and the different jobs they performed. I was fascinated, and began to envision myself helping create systems that didn’t require human energy inputs to operate. As I delved further into my academic career, I knew I wanted to pursue a career I was passionate about and would love doing, not a career based on the salary. This new mindset was brought about by my mother and father who told me, â€Å"If you do what you love, you’ll never work a day in your life. The second semester of my junior year I joined robotics club to test the waters of what engineering might be like. I absolutely â€Å"fell in love†. I thoroughly enjoyed the task of building different machines and systems and loved the way I had to invest problem a multitude of skills and ideas into one project such as problem solving, math, physics, and leadership. I realized that no other career path was as suitable to me as engineering. I am fascinated with each type of engineering, and wish I was able to major in all of them. I have always been enthralled by aircrafts, and designing better aircrafts and airborne machines would certainly satisfy me. During high school I was also infatuated with chemistry, and working the the medical world by engineering new medicines, prosthetics, etc. also held a definite promise, so chemical or biomedical engineering sounded great as well. However, I have decided upon mechanical engineering. I love the idea of working hand-on with equipment and really being able to watch your systems â€Å"come to life†. I also wanted to major in a field in which I could work with many different things and companies. I am very interested in building systems to help the world and environment, but would also like to have open opportunities to help manufacture and construct all different kinds of mechanisms and test all the different waters. Although passion is a necessity in any career field, there are many other skills needed to be successful in todays world of engineering. Leadership skills and the ability to work on a team have become extremely important in being a prominent engineer. With my involvement in the Silver Creek leadership academy, student senate executive board, and as president of national honor society at my school, I have obtained these qualities and have learned how to be a great leader as well as work as a teammate. I was also a huge participator in athletics such as basketball, track field, cross-country, and tennis, where I furthered my ability to thrive on a team. This year I shall be taking a gap year. During my gap year I aim to expand my horizons and gain a better view on the world and become more independent. I am traveling to Spain to stay as an au pair for a family for 8 months, and will travel around Europe for another month. I shall be taking one Spanish course at a university so as to obtain a student visa and become fluent in the language and learn more about the culture. I believe this experience will make me more prepared for college and allow me to find out more about myself and gain further independence and confidence.

Separate Peice Essays - Phillips Exeter Academy,

Separate Peice The Horrors of War Im almost glad this war came along. It is like a test, isnt it, and only the things and people whove been evolving in the right way survive. Lepper Leppellier said this extraordinary quote in chapter nine. My interpretation of Leppers quote was, the war had forced the men to abide by the rule of, survival of the fittest. From the perspective of the war, Lepper implied that you need to be prepared mentally and physically for war; you also need to adapt to changes and mature to survive. People and societies change in times of war. Some people, including Lepper, become manic-depressive and may possibly go insane. Others resort to suicide. However, war may make others feel important and patriotic. Gene, Lepper, and Finny all went through changes and had their own physical and emotional development. Lepper was not ready to enlist in the army. He enlisted in the service for the wrong reasons. Lepper enlisted thinking that he would travel and ski and he was not prepared for the hardships of war itself. I think that Lepper went crazy because he wasnt mentally ready for warfare and, internally he could not comprehend all the dreadful facts of war. Lepper needed to mature and grow as an individual before considering enlisting in the service. He didnt realize the responsibility and commitment of being a solider. Finny denied the war to himself and everyone else around him. Finny could not participate or help in the war effort, which made him feel helpless and useless. Finny didnt like this feeling, so he denied that there was a war going on at all. Finny told Gene his theory about how the war was made up by fat, old, men. Finny realized that the injury to his leg was not going to be temporary but permanent in many ways. This injury prevented him from enlisting in the army. Finny was in denial about the war all the way up to the point in the novel when he saw that Lepper really had gone crazy. Finny believed that there was really a war from that point on because his theory was; it takes a war to make a man crazy. Gene had many aspects of the war to deal with in addition to his emotional stress. Gene had a difficult time dealing with Finnys denial of the war and Leppers insanity from the war. Finny and Lepper both made a great impact on how Gene emotionally felt and viewed the war. Gene always listened and followed Finny. When Finny told Gene his imaginary story of the war not existing, Gene didnt know what to think. The more Finny told Gene that there wasnt a war, the more Gene believed him. Then there was Lepper who had enlisted in the war and escaped because he had gone crazy. The more stories and thoughts that Lepper shared with Gene, the more that Gene became afraid of the war and realized that he wasnt ready to enlist. Like Lepper, Gene also had to grow mentally before he was ready for the service. He decided that he wasnt going to enlist but instead wait to be drafted. Genes character in the novel was an idealist, and he was fighting with himself and his own feelings about the war. All of the characters in this novel had different ideas, personalities, and situations having to do with the war, not that any individual can ever be prepared for war. No character in the novel was mentally stable or ready for war. War was not a pleasant time at Devon school, thinking about what lied, ahead was probably the greatest challenge of the boys at Devon. English Essays

The Ostend Manifesto, 1854 Proposal for US to Acquire Cuba

The Ostend Manifesto, 1854 Proposal for US to Acquire Cuba The Ostend Manifesto was a document written by three American diplomats stationed in Europe in 1854 which advocated for the U.S. government to acquire the island of Cuba through either purchase or force. The plan created controversy when the document was made public in partisan newspapers the following year and federal officials denounced it. The goal of acquiring Cuba had been a pet project of President Franklin Pierce. The purchase or seizure of the island was also favored by pro-slavery politicians in the United States, who feared a slave rebellion in Cuba might spread to the American South. Key Takeaways: Ostend Manifesto Meeting requested by President Pierce led to proposal by three American ambassadors.Plan to acquire Cuba was rejected by Pierce as too audacious and unacceptable politically.When the proposal leaked to opposition newspapers the political battling over slavery intensified.One beneficiary of the proposal was James Buchanan, as his involvement helped him become president. The manifesto never led to the U.S. acquiring Cuba, of course. But it did serve to deepen the sense of distrust in America as the issue of slavery became a simmering crisis in the mid-1850s. In addition, the crafting of the document aided one of its authors, James Buchanan, whose rising popularity in the South helped him become president in the election of 1856. The Meeting at Ostend A crisis in Cuba developed in early 1854, when an American merchant ship, the Black Warrior, was seized in a Cuban port. The incident created tensions, as Americans considered the fairly minor incident to be an insult from Spain directed at the United States. The American ambassadors to three European countries were directed by President Franklin Pierce to meet quietly in the town of Ostend, Belgium, to come up with strategies to deal with Spain. James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule, the American ministers to Britain, France, and Spain, respectively, gathered and drafted the document that would become known as the Ostend Manifesto. The document, in fairly dry language, stated the issues the U.S. government had been having with Spain’s possession, Cuba. And it advocated that the United States should offer to purchase the island. It stated that Spain would likely be willing to sell Cuba, but if it didn’t, the document argued that the U.S. government should seize the island. The manifesto, addressed to Secretary of State William Marcy, was sent to Washington, where it was received by Marcy and passed along to President Pierce. Marcy and Pierce read the document and immediately rejected it. American Reaction to the Ostend Manifesto The diplomats had made a logical case for taking Cuba, and they argued throughout that the motivation was the preservation of the United States. In the document they specifically noted the fear of a slave rebellion in Cuba and how that might pose a danger. Less dramatically, they argued that Cuba’s geographic location made it a favorable position from which the United States could defend its southern coast, and specifically the valuable port of New Orleans. The authors of the Ostend Manifesto were not thoughtless or reckless. Their arguments for what would be a controversial series of actions paid some attention to international law and demonstrated some knowledge of naval strategy. Yet Pierce realized that what his diplomats proposed went far beyond any actions he was willing to take. He did not believe the American people, or the Congress, would go along with the plan. The manifesto might have been a quickly forgotten exercise in diplomatic brainstorming, but in the very partisan atmosphere of Washington in the 1850s it quickly turned into a political weapon. Within weeks of the document arriving in Washington, it had been leaked to newspapers favorable to the Whig Party, the opponents of Pierce. Politicians and newspaper editors directed withering criticism at Pierce. The work of three American diplomats in Europe turned into something of a firestorm as it touched upon the most contentious issue of the day, slavery. Anti-slavery sentiment in America was growing, especially with the formation of the new anti-slavery Republican Party. And the Ostend Manifesto was held up as an example of how the Democrats in power in Washington were devising underhanded ways to acquire territory in the Caribbean to extend America’s slave-holding territory. Newspaper editorials denounced the document. A political cartoon produced by the noted lithographers Currier and Ives would eventually ridicule Buchanan for his role in the drafting of the proposal. Cartoon of four ruffians robbing a respectable man with the Ostend Manifesto, to capture Cuba, written on a nearby wall and caption The Ostend Doctrine. Practical Democrats Carrying Out The Principle. circa 1854. Fotosearch / Getty Images Impact of the Ostend Manifesto The proposals set forth in the Ostend Manifesto never came to fruition, of course. If anything, the controversy over the document probably ensured that any discussion of the United States acquiring Cuba would be rejected. While the document was denounced in the northern press, one of the men who drafted it, James Buchanan, was ultimately helped by the controversy. The accusations that it was a pro-slavery scheme boosted his profile in the American South, and helped him secure the Democratic nomination for the election of 1856. He went on to win the election, and spent his one term as president trying, and failing, to grapple with the issue of slavery. Sources: Ostend Manifesto. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopediaâ„ ¢, Columbia University Press, 2018. Research in Context.McDermott, Theodore, et al. Ostend Manifesto. The Manifesto in Literature, edited by Thomas Riggs, vol. 1: Origins of the Form: Pre-1900, St. James Press, 2013, pp. 142-145. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Patrick, J., Pious, R., Ritchie, D. (1993). Pierce, Franklin. In  (Ed.), The Oxford Guide to the United States Government. : Oxford University Press.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Leadership - Essay Example Discipline thinking is important in minimizing strategic blunders as plans are thoroughly thought through. It promotes a system of self/ internal correction while at the same time enhancing clear modes of formulation and implementation of ideas. It enhances an organization’s self-discipline, self-monitoring and self-corrective thinking and apart from enhancing and effective and open communication within the organization, it enables effective interpretation of ideas leading to solid conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards. Strategic thinking saves costs that may be incurred from poor decision making - capital that can be redirected towards further development (Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 2013). The organization has overtime exhibited disciplined thinking and behavior that has served to propel it to global heights. For example, the idea to establish offices worldwide has helped expand the market and consumer base to every corner of the world and boost its competitiveness. Also, the increased variety of goods and services offered such as loan and banking services, video game equipment, mobile phones, televisions, music and sound systems, clothing amongst others has seen to a capturing of millions of varied consumers on a global scale. Disciplined thinking is a process that can be enhanced in an organization by promoting and encouraging new ideas amongst workers and motivating employees to feel part and parcel of the organization. The workers must feel that the organization’s problems are their problems in order to be innovative and creative enough. Cases of ridicule of ideas and negative office gossip must be weeded out from the workplace and those who have seen their ideas fail or get rejected by the organization must be encouraged to soldier on and not throw in the towel as further innovations and ideas could offer a breakthrough and shape fortune of the organizatio n. Strategic thinking can further still be promoted by constituting idea sharing forums, seminars and suitable, convenient channels amongst all workers with enhanced open upward, downward and sideways communication for flow of ideas. Workers should be offered a conducive, calm and peaceful work atmosphere and their efforts and breakthroughs recognized through promotions, pay rises, employee of the duration awards, parties, trips and vacations fully catered for by the organization and so on. Positive deviance is